For Publishers
DiscoveryMetadataPeer reviewHostingPublishing
For Researchers
JoinPublishReviewCollect
Register
Blog
About
Search
Advanced search
My ScienceOpen
Search
For Publishers
For Researchers
Blog
About
5,149
views
0
references
 Top references
cited by
15
    
0 reviews
 Review
0
comments
 Comment
0
recommends
+1 Recommend
2 collections
    0
    shares
      162
      similar
       All similar

      If you have found this article useful and you think it is important that researchers across the world have access, please consider donating, to ensure that this valuable collection remains Open Access.

      Journal of Global Faultlines is published by Pluto Journals, an Open Access publisher. This means that everyone has free and unlimited access to the full-text of all articles from our international collection of social science journals. Furthermore Pluto Journals authors don’t pay article processing charges (APCs).

      scite_

      Journal of Global Faultlines

      Volume 7, Issue 1
       
      • Record: found
      • Abstract: found
      • Article: found
      Is Open Access

      Why were the UK and USA unprepared for the COVID-19 pandemic? The systemic weaknesses of neoliberalism: a comparison between the UK, USA, Germany, and South Korea

      Published
      research-article
      Bookmark

            Abstract

            Pandemics historically have killed as many people as the wars that have beset this world, yet the resources committed to pandemic prevention and response are a fraction of the resources we commit to security. This paper examines the COVID-19 pandemic of 2020 by analysing the preparedness and responses of the UK, the USA, Germany, and South Korea. We will evidence that the UK and USA lacked the levels of preparedness that global health reports indicated, and that their responses were diametrically opposite of those of Germany and South Korea. We argue that decades of deregulation and privatization due to neoliberal, free-market economics by the UK and USA led to the Great Recession of 2008. This, in turn, led to economic collapse and austerity (increased neoliberalism), which negatively impacted investment in healthcare in the UK and USA. This resulted in very different levels of preparedness and responses by the four countries under the microscope.

            Content

            Author and article information

            Contributors
            Timothy I. Mellish
            Natalie J. Luzmore
            Ahmed Ashfaque Shahbaz
            Journal
            Journal ID (doi): 10.2307/j50018794
            Journal ID (jcode): jglobfaul
            Title: Journal of Global Faultlines
            Publisher: Pluto Journals
            ISSN: 2397-7825
            ISSN: 2054-2089
            Publication date (Print): 1 June 2020
            Volume: 7
            Issue: 1 ( doiID: 10.13169/jglobfaul.7.issue-1 )
            Pages: 9-45
            Affiliations
            Keele University. BA (Dual Hons) International Business & International Relations, LLM International Law & Politics 2015–2019.
            Keele University. BA (Dual Hons) Politics and History, 2015–2018. MSc in Gender, Peace and Security, London School of Economics, 2020–2022.
            Keele University, BA (Dual Hons) International Business & International Relations, 2015–2018. University of Exeter, MSc International Management, 2018–2019. University of Exeter, PhD Candidate Political Economy, 2020–2024.
            Article
            Publisher ID: jglobfaul.7.1.0009
            DOI: 10.13169/jglobfaul.7.1.0009
            SO-VID: f74b9565-f7b3-45c4-8b4f-8f6c4696e100
            Copyright © This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License.
            License:

            All content is freely available without charge to users or their institutions. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission of the publisher or the author. Articles published in the journal are distributed under a http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

            History
            Custom metadata
            lang eng

            ScienceOpen disciplines: Social & Behavioral Sciences
            Keywords: governance,healthcare,COVID-19,preparedness,neoliberalism,politics

            Bibliography

            1. 3M United Kingdom (2020). Guide to The PPE Regulation (EU) 2016 / 425 | 3M United Kingdom [online] 3m.co.uk. Available at: <https://www.3m.co.uk/3M/en_GB/worker-health-safety-uk/resources/guide-ppe-regulation/> [Accessed 8 June 2020].

            2. Abdelbaqi, S. (2014). Novel engineered cationic antimicrobial peptides have a broad-spectrum activity against: Francisella tularensis, burkholderia pseudomalli and yersinia pestis (Doctoral dissertation, University of Pittsburgh).

            3. Adalja, A. A., Toner, E., and Inglesby, T. V. (2020). Priorities for the US health community responding to COVID-19. Jama, 323(14), 1343–1344.

            4. Adams, R. (2006). Milton Friedman: a study in failure. The Guardian [online]. Available at: <https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2006/nov/16/post650> [Accessed 17 May 2020].

            5. Alchon, S. A. (2003). A pest in the land: new world epidemics in a global perspective. UNM Press.

            6. Algaze, G. (2018). Entropic cities: The paradox of urbanism in ancient Mesopotamia. Current Anthropology, 59(1), 23–54.

            7. Allen, C. (2005). “Ordo-Liberalism” Trumps Keynesianism: Economic Policy in the Federal Republic of Germany and the EU1. In: Bernard H. Moss, ed., Monetary Union in Crisis. London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 199–221.

            8. Allen, R. (2011). Why the industrial revolution was British: commerce, induced invention, and the scientific revolution. The Economic History Review [online] 64(2). Available at: <https://www.jstor.org/stable/41262428> [Accessed 16 May 2020].

            9. Amin, S. (2013). Audacity, More Audacity. Review of Radical Political Economics, 45(3), 400–409.

            10. Appleby, J. (2015). UK NHS: Less money (but more bangs per buck)? BMJ, 350(mar10 16), h1037–h1037.

            11. Baily, M. and Bosworth, B. (2014). US Manufacturing: Understanding Its Past and Its Potential Future. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 28(1), 3–26.

            12. Bale, T. (2017). The Conservative Party: From Thatcher to Cameron. John Wiley & Sons.

            13. Barrilleaux, C. and Rainey, C. (2014). The Politics of Need: Examining Governors' Decisions to Oppose the “Obamacare” Medicaid Expansion. State Politics & Policy Quarterly, 14(4), 437–460.

            14. BBC News. (2020). Branson's Virgin Atlantic In Virus Bailout Talks [online] Available at: <https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-52431290> [Accessed 21 May 2020].

            15. Block, D. (2018). Political Economy and Sociolinguistics Neoliberalism, Inequality and Social Class. 1st ed. London: Bloomsbury Academic.

            16. Bonefeld, W. (2012). Freedom and the Strong State: On German Ordoliberalism. New Political Economy, 17(5), 633–656.

            17. Bray, R. S. (2004). Armies of pestilence: the impact of disease on history. Cambridge: James Clarke & Co.

            18. Bruun, C. (2007). The Antonine plague and the ‘third-century crisis’. In Crises and the Roman Empire (pp. 201–217). Leiden and Boston, MA: Brill.

            19. Buchholz, K. (2020). Infographic: What Share of The World Population Is Already On COVID-19 Lockdown? [online] Statista Infographics. Available at: <https://www.statista.com/chart/21240/enforced-covid-19-lockdowns-by-people-affected-per-country/> [Accessed 16 May 2020].

            20. Buranyi, S. (2020). Inside Germany's Covid-19 testing masterclass. Prospect [online] Available at: <https://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/germany-covid-19-masterclass-testing-tracing-uk> [Accessed 27 May 2020].

            21. Cdc.gov. (2020). National Pandemic Influenza Plans | Pandemic Influenza (Flu) | CDC [online] Available at: <https://www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources/planning-prepared-ness/national-strategy-planning.html> [Accessed 6 June 2020].

            22. Centeno, M. and Cohen, J. (2012). The Arc of Neoliberalism. Annual Review of Sociology, 38(1), 317–340.

            23. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). 2009 H1N1 Pandemic [online] Available at: <https://www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources/2009-h1n1-pandemic.html> [Accessed 29 May 2020].

            24. Cha, V. and Kim, D. (2020). A Timeline of South Korea's Response To COVID-19 [online] Csis.org. Available at: <https://www.csis.org/analysis/timeline-south-koreas-response-covid-19> [Accessed 12 May 2020].

            25. Chaudhuri, S. (1996). Government and Economic Development in South Korea, 1961–79. Social Scientist, 24(11/12), 18.

            26. Chen, W. H., Strych, U., Hotez, P. J., and Bottazzi, M. E. (2020). The SARS-CoV-2 vaccine pipeline: an overview. Current tropical medicine reports, March 3, 1–4.

            27. Cherkaoui, M. (2020). Responding to Kissinger: The Risks of Remodelling Neoliberalism and Manipulating the Enlightenment values. Aljazeera Studies, April 26.

            28. Chernomas, R. and Hudson, I. (2017). The Profit Doctrine: Economists of The Neoliberal Era. London: Pluto Press.

            29. Choice Reviews Online. (2015). Oxford Arabic dictionary: Arabic-English/English-Arabic. 52(07), 52-3403-52-3403.

            30. Chomsky, N. (2020). Noam Chomsky: In Response to Coronavirus, “You Can Do Something”. Jacobin [online] Available at: <https://jacobinmag.com/2020/4/noam-chomsky-coronavirus-pandemic-trump> [Accessed 15 May 2020].

            31. Civil Contingencies Act 2004. (2004) Chapter 36. Available at: <https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2004/36/pdfs/ukpga_20040036_en.pdf> [Accessed May 2020].

            32. Collinsdictionary.com. (2020). The Haves and Have-Nots Definition and Meaning | Collins English Dictionary [online] Available at: <https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/the-haves-and-have-nots> [Accessed 20 May 2020].

            33. Consultancy.uk. (2020). UK And US Mishandle Covid-19 Despite Supposed Preparedness [online] Available at: <https://www.consultancy.uk/news/24211/uk-and-us-mishandle-covid-19-despite-supposed-preparedness> [Accessed 20 May 2020].

            34. COVID-19 Dashboard by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University (JHU). (2020). COVID-19 Dashboard by The Center For Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) At Johns Hopkins University (JHU) [online] Available at: <https://www.arcgis.com/apps/opsdashboard/index.html#/bda7594740fd40299423467b48e9ecf6> [Accessed 13 May 2020].

            35. Covid-19 News. (2020). Covid-19 News: Johnson Admits UK Was Unprepared for Pandemic [online] New Scientist. Available at: <https://www.newscientist.com/article/2237475-covid-19-news-johnson-admits-uk-was-unprepared-for-pandemic/> [Accessed 30 May 2020].

            36. Davies, J. and Blanco, I. (2017). Austerity urbanism: Patterns of neo-liberalisation and resistance in six cities of Spain and the UK. Environment and Planning A, 49(7), 1517–1536.

            37. De Haan, D. D. (2018). Avicenna's Healing and the Metaphysics of Truth. Journal of the History of Philosophy, 56(1), 17–44.

            38. Department for Homeland Security. (2017). Biological Incident Annex to The Response and Recovery Federal Interagency Operational Plans (January 2017). Washington, DC: Department for Homeland Security.

            39. Department of Health. (2020). NHS Property and Estates: Why the Estate Matters for Patients. London: Department of Health.

            40. Department of Health, Cabinet Office, Health Protection Agency. (2007). Exercise Winter Willow: Lesson Identified. London: Department of Health.

            41. Dicken, P. (2011). Global Shift: Mapping the Changing Contours of The World Economy. 6th ed. New York, NY: The Guilford Press.

            42. Dintenfass, M. (1992). The Decline of Industrial Britain: 1870–1980. 1st ed. London, UK: Routledge.

            43. Edwards, C. (2017). Margaret Thatcher's privatization legacy. The Cato Journal [online] 37(1). Available at: <https://www.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/serials/files/cato-journal/2017/2/cj-v37n1-7.pdf> [Accessed 3 May 2020].

            44. Eich-Born, M. and Hassink, R. (2005). On the Battle between Shipbuilding Regions in Germany and South Korea. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 37(4), 635–656.

            45. Fairclough, I. (2015). Evaluating policy as an argument: the public debate over the first UK austerity budget. Critical Discourse Studies, 13(1), 57–77.

            46. Fort, T., Pierce, J., and Schott, P. (2018). New Perspectives on the Decline of US Manufacturing Employment. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 32(2), 47–72.

            47. Foucault, M. (1991). Governmentality. In: G. Burchell, C. Gordon and P. Miller, ed., The Foucault Effect. Hemel Hempstead, UK: Harvester Wheatsheaf, pp. 87–118.

            48. Fouskas, V. and Gökay, B. (2020). COVID-19 And the Bankruptcy of Neoliberalism In The Context Of Global Shift [online] openDemocracy. Available at: <https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/can-europe-make-it/covid-19-and-bankruptcy-neoliberalism-context-global-shift/> [Accessed 25 May 2020].

            49. Frade, C. (2020). Pandemic Politics, Oligarchic Times and The Idiotic Subject Of ‘Freedom’ [online] openDemocracy: free thinking for the world. Available at: <https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/democraciaabierta/pandemic-politics-oligarchic-times-and-the-idiotic-subject-of-freedom/> [Accessed 21 May 2020].

            50. Friedman, M. (1962). Capitalism and Freedom. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

            51. Fukuyama, F. (2011). Friedrich A. Hayek, Big-Government Skeptic. The New York Times [online] Available at: <https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/08/books/review/f-a-hayek-big-government-skeptic.html?auth=login-facebook> [Accessed 12 May 2020].

            52. Full Fact. (2019). Spending on The NHS In England [online] Available at: <https://fullfact.org/health/spending-english-nhs/> [Accessed 21 May 2020].

            53. GHRF Commission. (2016). The Neglected Dimension of Global Security: A Framework to Counter Infectious Disease Crises. [eBook] Washington, DC: National Academies Press. Available at: <http://nam.edu/GHRFreport.doi> [Accessed 7 May 2020].

            54. Gilroy, R. (2020). Nurses raise alarm after practices sent PPE with altered expiry date. The Nursing Times [online] Available at: <https://www.nursingtimes.net/news/coronavirus/nurses-raise-alarm-after-practices-sent-ppe-with-altered-expiry-date-17-03-2020/> [Accessed 3 June 2020].

            55. Global Health Security Index. (2019). 2019 Global Health Security Index. Global Health Security Index [online] Washington, DC: Nuclear Threat Initiative (NTI) the Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security, with research by The Economist Intelligence Unit. Available at: <https://www.ghsindex.org/> [Accessed 3 May 2020].

            56. Gopinath, G. (2020). The Great Lockdown: Worst Economic Downturn Since the Great Depression [blog] Available at: <https://blogs.imf.org/2020/04/14/the-great-lockdownworst-economic-downturn-since-the-great-depression/> [Accessed 3 May 2020].

            57. Grusky, D., Western, B., and Wimer, C. (2011). The Great Recession. New York: Russell Sage.

            58. Gudi, S. K. and Tiwari, K. K. (2020). Preparedness and lessons learned from the novel coronavirus disease. The International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 11(2), 108.

            59. Haffajee, R. and Mello, M. (2020). Thinking Globally, Acting Locally – The U.S. Response to Covid-19. New England Journal of Medicine, 382(22), e75.

            60. Hall, P., Lister, D., and Mercer, D. (2020). Privatised and Unprepared: The NHS Supply Chain [online] London: University of Greenwich and We Own It. Available at: <https://lowdownnhs.info/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/PrivatisedAndUnprepared-NHSSupplyChain-Report-A4-2-1.pdf> [Accessed 5 June 2020].

            61. Hanage, W. (2020). I'm an epidemiologist. When I heard about Britain's ‘herd immunity’ coronavirus plan, I thought it was satire. The Guardian, 03–15. Available at: <https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/mar/15/epidemiologist-britain-herd-immunity-coronavirus-covid-19> [Accessed May 2020].

            62. Hayek, F. (1960). The Constitution of Liberty: The Definitive Edition. London and New York: The University of Chicago Press.

            63. Hays, J. N. (2005). Epidemics and pandemics: their impacts on human history. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC Clio.

            64. Henderson, D. A. (2011). The eradication of smallpox – an overview of the past, present, and future. Vaccine, 29, D7–D9.

            65. Hobsbawm, E. (1968). Industry and Empire: The Birth of The Industrial Revolution. London: Weidenfield and Nicolson.

            66. Hoehl, S., Rabenau, H., Berger, A., Kortenbusch, M., Cinatl, J., Bojkova, D., and Neumann, P. (2020). Evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in returning travelers from Wuhan, China. New England Journal of Medicine, 382(13), 1278–1280.

            67. Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture's Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values. 1st ed. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.

            68. Horak, S. (2015). Culture or anonymity? Differences in proposer behaviour in Korea and Germany. International Journal of Psychology, 50(5), 397–401.

            69. Horton, R. (2020). Offline: COVID-19 and the NHS—“a national scandal”. The Lancet, 395(10229), 1022.

            70. Hoynes, H., Miller, D. and Schaller, J. (2012). Who Suffers During Recessions? Journal of Economic Perspectives, 26(3), 27–48.

            71. Imrie, R. (1991). Industrial change and local economic fragmentation: The case of Stoke-on-Trent. Geoforum, 22(4), 433–453.

            72. International Monetary Fund. (2014). What Is Keynesian Economics? Finance & Development [online] IMF. Available at: <http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2014/09/basics.htm#author> [Accessed 14 December 2017].

            73. Ioannidis, J. (2020). A fiasco in the making? As the coronavirus pandemic takes hold, we are making decisions without reliable data. STAT News [online] Available at: <https://www.statnews.com/2020/03/17/a-fiasco-in-the-making-as-the-coronavirus-pandemic-takes-hold-we-are-making-decisions-without-reliable-data/> [Accessed 3 May 2020].

            74. Irish, J. (2020). French hospital discovers Covid-19 case from December. Reuters, May 4. Available at: <https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-france/after-retest-ing-samples-french-hospital-discovers-covid-19-case-from-december-idUKKBN22G20L> [Accessed June 2020].

            75. Islam, N., Ishaq, M., Bukhari, B., and Siddiqui, M. K. (2009). Ai-qanun: Ibn Sina's contribution to the world of medicine. Journal of Central Asian Studies, 18(1), 143–148.

            76. Jackson, G. and Sorge, A. (2012). The trajectory of institutional change in Germany, 1979–2009. Journal of European Public Policy, 19(8), 1146–1167.

            77. Japan Medical Association. (2020). Current Status and Problems of Intensive Care In Japan During The Spread Of New Coronavirus Infection [online] Japan Medical Association. Available at: <https://www.covid19-jma-medical-expert-meeting.jp/topic/1121> [Accessed 29 May 2020].

            78. Joint Emergency Services Interoperability Principles (JESIP). (2016). Joint Emergency Services Interoperability Principles. JESIP.

            79. Jones, D. (2014). Masters of The Universe. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

            80. Josifidis, K., Losonc, A., and Supic, N. (2010). Neoliberalism: Befall or respite? Panoeconomicus, 57(1), 101–117.

            81. Jowett, P. (2020). An overview of Germany's response to Covid-19 [blog] Local Government Information Unit (LGIU) Available at: <https://lgiu.org/an-overview-of-germanys-response-to-covid-19/> [Accessed 29 May 2020].

            82. Kim, K. (1991). The Korean Miracle (1962–1980) Revisited: Myths and Realities in Strategy and Development [eBook] Kellogg Institute. Available at: <https://kellogg.nd.edu/sites/default/files/old_files/documents/166_0.pdf> [Accessed 14 May 2020].

            83. Kim, T., Kwon, H., Lee, J., and Yi, I. (2011). “Mixed Governance” and Welfare in South Korea. Journal of Democracy, 22(3), 120–134.

            84. King, D. and Wood, S. (1999). The Political Economy of Neoliberalism: Britain and the United States in the 1980s. In: H. Kitschelt, P. Lange, G. Marks and J. Stephens, ed., Continuity and Change in Contemporary Capitalism. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

            85. Kitschelt, H. and Streeck, W. (2003). From Stability of Stagnation: Germany at the beginning of the twenty-first century. West European Politics, 26(4), 1–34.

            86. Klein, E., Rozansky, K., Gordon., C., Mumm, C., Nishimura, L., Posner, J., Spingarn-Koff, J., and Townsend, K. (2020). Coronavirus Explained [TV Series]. Netflix.

            87. Klein, N. and Peet, R. (2008). The shock doctrine: The rise of disaster capitalism. Human Geography, 1(2), 130–133.

            88. Klein, N. (2008). The Shock Doctrine. London: Penguin.

            89. Kuznets, P. (1985). Government and Economic Strategy in Contemporary South Korea. Pacific Affairs, 58(1), 44.

            90. Lee, J. (2020). How South Korea Flattened the Curve [online] Prospectmagazine.co.uk. Available at: <https://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/south-korea-coronavirus-flatten-curve-covid-19> [Accessed 19 May 2020].

            91. Lim, E. K., Guk, K., Kim, H., Chung, B. H., and Jung, J. (2015). Simple, rapid detection of influenza A (H1N1) viruses using a highly sensitive peptide-based molecular beacon. Chemical Communications, 52(1), 175–178.

            92. Littman, R. J. (2009). The plague of Athens: epidemiology and paleopathology. Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine: A Journal of Translational and Personalized Medicine: A Journal of Translational and Personalized Medicine, 76(5), 456–467.

            93. Loopstra, R., Reeves, A., Taylor-Robinson, D., Barr, B., McKee, M., and Stuckler, D. (2015). Austerity, sanctions, and the rise of food banks in the UK. BMJ, 350, h1775–h1775.

            94. MacLeavy, J. (2011). A ‘new politics’ of austerity, workfare, and gender? The UK coalition government's welfare reform proposals. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 4(3), 355–367.

            95. Maizland, L. and Felter, C. (2020). Comparing Six Health-Care Systems in A Pandemic [online] Council on Foreign Relations. Available at: <https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/comparing-six-health-care-systems-pandemic> [Accessed 29 May 2020].

            96. Malik, N. (2020). It's no accident Britain and America are the world's biggest coronavirus losers. The Guardian [online] Available at: <https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/may/10/anglo-american-coronavirus-crisis> [Accessed 21 May 2020].

            97. Marcus, A. and Oransky, I. (2020). The Science of This Pandemic Is Moving at Dangerous Speeds. Wired [online] Available at: <https://www.wired.com/story/the-science-of-this-pandemic-is-moving-at-dangerous-speeds/> [Accessed 3 May 2020].

            98. Margaretthatcher.org. (2020). Thatcher, Hayek & Friedman | Margaret Thatcher Foundation [online] Available at: <https://www.margaretthatcher.org/archive/Hayek.asp> [Accessed 18 May 2020].

            99. Mohan, J. (2002). Planning, Markets and Hospitals. 1st ed. London, UK: Routledge.

            100. Moormann, A. M. (2020). Epidemic to Endemic or Pandemic Infectious Diseases: Commonalities and Distinctions between Malaria, Ebola and COVID19. PEER Liberia, COVID-19 Seminar, on April 2 2020.

            101. Murphy, J., Jones, J., and Conner, J. (2020). The COVID-19 pandemic: Is it a “Black Swan”? Some risk management challenges in common with chemical process safety. Process Safety Progress, 39(2). Aavailable at: <https://aiche.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/prs.12160> [Accessed June 2020].

            102. National Health Service. (2012). Health and Social Care Influenza Pandemic and Response. London, UK: The Department of Health.

            103. NHS England (2017). BOARD PAPER: Emergency Preparedness, Resilience and Response (EPRR). London: NHS ENGLAND.

            104. NHS for Sale. (2020). 50 Examples of NHS Outsourcing Failures – NHS For Sale [online] Available at: <https://www.nhsforsale.info/in-the-press/50-examples-of-nhs-outsourcing-failures/> [Accessed 5 June 2020].

            105. Noland, M. (2014). Six markets to watch, South Korea: the backwater that boomed. Foreign Affairs, 93(1). Available at: <https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/south-korea/2013-12-06/six-markets-watch-south-korea> [Accessed April 2020].

            106. O'Hara, M. (2014). Austerity Bites: A Journey to The Sharp End Of Cuts In The UK. Bristol, UK: Policy Press.

            107. Ons.gov.uk. (2020). Deaths Involving COVID-19, England And Wales – Office for National Statistics [online] Available at: <https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/deaths/bulletins/deathsinvolvingcovid19englandandwales/deathsoccurringinapril2020> [Accessed 23 May 2020].

            108. Otte, J. (2020). Number of people to die of Covid-19 in UK hospitals passes 20,000. The Guardian, April 25. Available at: <https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/25/uk-coronavirus-death-toll-passes-grim-milestone-of-20000> [Accessed June 2020].

            109. Our World in Data. (2020). Total Confirmed COVID-19 Deaths Per Million People [online] Available at: <https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/total-covid-deaths-per-million> [Accessed 31 May 2020].

            110. Palley, T. (2005). From Keynesianism to Neoliberalism: Shifting Paradigms in Economics. In: A. Saad-Filho and D. Johnston, ed., Neoliberalism: A Critical Reader. Sidmouth, UK: Chase Publishing, pp. 20–29.

            111. Panda, A. (2020). Chinese Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Implies US Military Brought Coronavirus to Wuhan. The Diplomat, March 13. Available at: <https://thediplomat.com/2020/03/chinese-foreign-ministry-spokesperson-implies-us-military-brought-coronavirus-to-wuhan/> [Accessed June 2020].

            112. Papagrigorakis, M. J., Yapijakis, C., Synodinos, P. N., and Baziotopoulou-Valavani, E. (2006). DNA examination of ancient dental pulp incriminates typhoid fever as a probable cause of the Plague of Athens. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 10(3), 206–214.

            113. Parodi, E. and Aloisi, S. (2020). Italian scientists investigate possible earlier emergence of coronavirus. Reuters, March 26. Available at: <https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-italy-timing/italian-scientists-investigate-possible-earlier-emergence-of-coronavirus-idUSKBN21D2IG> [Accessed May 2020].

            114. Patrick, P. (2020). Japan's Covid success is a mystery. The Spectator [online] Available at: <https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/the-mystery-of-japan-s-covid-success> [Accessed 29 May 2020].

            115. Peck, J. and Tickell, A. (2012). Apparitions of neoliberalism: revisiting ‘Jungle law breaks out’. Area, 44(2), 245–249.

            116. Peck, J. (2010). Constructions of Neoliberal Reason. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

            117. Pegg, D. (2020). Covid-19: did the UK government prepare for the wrong kind of pandemic? The Guardian [online] Available at: <https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/may/21/did-the-uk-government-prepare-for-the-wrong-kind-of-pandemic#maincontent> [Accessed 13 May 2020].

            118. Pegg, D. (2020). What does the leaked report tell us about the UK's pandemic preparations? The Guardian [online] Available at: <https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/24/preparing-for-pandemic-national-security-risk-assessment-coronavirus> [Accessed 6 June 2020].

            119. Pegg, D. (2020). What was Exercise Cygnus and what did it find? The Guardian [online] Available at: <https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/may/07/what-was-exercise-cygnus-and-what-did-it-find> [Accessed 15 May 2020].

            120. Pegg, D., Booth, R., and Conn, D. (2020). Revealed: the secret report that gave ministers warning of care home coronavirus crisis. The Guardian [online] Available at: <https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/may/07/revealed-the-secret-report-that-gave-ministers-warning-of-care-home-coronavirus-crisis> [Accessed 28 May 2020].

            121. Perry, M. (2020). This Is How America and China are Weaponizing the Coronavirus. The National Interest, April 28. Available at: <https://nationalinterest.org/feature/how-america-and-china-are-weaponizing-coronavirus-148906> [Accessed June 2020].

            122. Peter G Peterson Foundation. (2020). Selected Charts on The Long-Term Fiscal Challenges of The United States [online] New York, USA: The Peter G Peterson Foundation. Available at: <https://www.pgpf.org/sites/default/files/PGPF-Chart-Pack.pdf> [Accessed 2 June 2020].

            123. Petherick, A. (2020). Developing antibody tests for SARS-CoV-2. The Lancet, 395(10230), 1101–1102.

            124. Pierce, J. and Schott, P. (2016). The Surprisingly Swift Decline of US Manufacturing Employment. American Economic Review, 106(7), 1632–1662.

            125. Polanyi, K. (2001). The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time. 2nd ed. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.

            126. Pollock, A. M., Price, D., and Liebe, M. (2011). Private finance initiatives during NHS austerity. BMJ, 342, d324.

            127. Poole, J. C. F. and Holladay, A. J. (1979). Thucydides and the Plague of Athens. The Classical Quarterly, 29(2), 282–300.

            128. Porterfield, C. (2020). The Miraculous ‘Mr. P’: 101-Year-Old Italian Man Beats Coronavirus. Forbes Inc. [online] Available at: <https://www.forbes.com/sites/carlieporterfield/2020/03/27/the-miraculous-mr-p-101-year-old-italian-man-beats-coronavirus/#6f1c9b5148bc> [Accessed 3 May 2020].

            129. Potter, C. W. (2001). A history of influenza. Journal of applied microbiology, 91(4), 572–579.

            130. Prahalad, C. and Hamel, G. (1990). The Core Competence of the Corporation. Harvard Business Review [online] Available at: <https://hbr.org/1990/05/the-core-competence-of-the-corporation> [Accessed 3 May 2020].

            131. Public Health England. (2014). Pandemic Influenza Strategic Framework. London, UK: Public Health England.

            132. Qiu, L. and Zhan, C. (2016). China's Global Influence: A Survey through the Lens of International Trade. Pacific Economic Review, 21(1), 45–71.

            133. Quilty-Harper, C. and Liverpool, L. (2020). Covid-19 News: Boris Johnson Admits UK Was Unprepared for Pandemic – The World in News [online] The World in News. Available at: <https://theworldinnews.com/covid-19-news-boris-johnson-admits-uk-was-unprepared-for-pandemic-4-15335/> [Accessed 27 May 2020].

            134. Radcliffe, S. and Chesak, J. (2020). What Is the Cost of Getting Tested and Treated for the Coronavirus? Healthline [online] Available at: <https://www.healthline.com/health-news/if-you-get-the-coronavirus-what-will-it-cost-you> [Accessed 8 June 2020].

            135. Ravi, S. and Kapoor, M. (2020). COVID-19 Trends from Germany Show Different Impacts by Gender And Age [online] Brookings. Available at: <https://www.brookings.edu/blog/techtank/2020/05/01/covid-19-trends-from-germany-show-different-impacts-by-gender-and-age/> [Accessed 23 May 2020].

            136. Rhodes, A., Ferdinande, P., Flaatten, H., Guidet, B., Metnitz, P., and Moreno, R. (2012). The variability of critical care bed numbers in Europe. Intensive Care Medicine, 38(10), 1647–1653.

            137. Ridge, M. (2002). Gone to pot. The Guardian Supplement [online] Available at: <https://www.theguardian.com/society/2002/may/29/guardiansocietysupplement> [Accessed 13 May 2020].

            138. Rigby, E. (2012). State Resistance to “ObamaCare”. The Forum, 10(2). Available at: <https://www.degruyter.com/view/journals/for/10/2/article-1540-8884.1501.xml.xml?language=en> [Accessed June 2020].

            139. Sabbagh, D. (2020). Matt Hancock urged to publish secret review of pandemic plans. The Guardian [online] Available at: <https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/apr/28/matt-hancock-urged-to-publish-secret-review-of-pandemic-plans> [Accessed 28 May 2020].

            140. Sabbatani, S. and Fiorino, S. (2009). The antonine plague and the decline of the Roman Empire. Le infezioni in medicina: rivista periodica di eziologia, epidemiologia, diagnostica, clinica e terapia delle patologie infettive, 17(4), 261–275.

            141. Scientific Pandemic Influenza Group on Modelling. (2018). SPI-M Modelling Summary. London: Scientific Pandemic Influenza Group.

            142. Sharma MP, T. and Sunak MP, T. (2020). Coronavirus – Business Support to Launch from Today [online] GOV.UK. Available at: <https://www.gov.uk/government/news/coronavirus-business-support-to-launch-from-today> [Accessed 21 May 2020].

            143. Shchelkunov, S. N. (2009). How long ago did smallpox virus emerge? Archives of virology, 154(12), 1865–1871.

            144. Shereen, M., Khan, S., Kazmi, A., Bashir, N., and Siddique, R. (2020). COVID-19 infection: Origin, transmission, and characteristics of human coronaviruses. Journal of Advanced Research, 24, 91–98.

            145. Smith, D. B. (2020). The Pandemic Challenge: End Separate and Unequal Healthcare. The American Journal of the Medical Sciences, 360(2): 109–111.

            146. Sonn, J. (2020). Coronavirus: South Korea's Success in Controlling Disease Is Due to Its Acceptance Of Surveillance [online] The Conversation. Available at: <https://theconversation.com/coronavirus-south-koreas-success-in-controlling-disease-is-due-to-its-acceptance-of-surveillance-134068> [Accessed 15 May 2020].

            147. Spahn, J. (2020). How Germany Contained the Coronavirus | By Jens Spahn – Project Syndicate [online] Project Syndicate. Available at: <https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/how-germany-contained-covid19-by-jens-spahn-2020-05> [Accessed 29 May 2020].

            148. Stanley, L. (2008). Emerging Markets and Financial Globalization. 1st ed. London, UK: Anthem Press.

            149. Stiglitz, J. (2015). Re-Writing the Rules of The America Economy: An Agenda For Growth And Shared Prosperity [online] New York, US: Roosevelt Institute. Available at: <http://rooseveltinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Rewriting-the-Rules-Report-Final-Single-Pages.pdf> [Accessed 12 May 2020].

            150. Stiglitz, J. (2019). People, Power, And Profits: Progressive Capitalism for An Age of Discontent. London: Allen Lane.

            151. Stuckler, D., Reeves, A., Loopstra, R., Karanikolos, M., and McKee, M. (2017). Austerity and health: the impact in the UK and Europe. European Journal of Public Health, 27(suppl_4), 18–21.

            152. STUECK, W. (1986). The Korean War as International History. Diplomatic History, 10(4), 291–309.

            153. Taleb, N. (2008). The Black Swan: The Impact of The Highly Improbable. London: Penguin Books Ltd.

            154. Tárnok, A. (2020). The Cholera Epidemics in Hamburg and What to Learn for COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2). Cytometry, 97(4), 337.

            155. The Department of Health. (2011). UK Influenza Pandemic Preparedness Strategy. London: Department of Health, Social Services, Public Health (DHSSP).

            156. The Financial Crisis Enquiry Commission. (2011). The Financial Crisis Enquiry Report. Washington, DC: USA Government.

            157. The Independent Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies (SAGE). (2020). The Independent SAGE Report Of 12Th May 2020 – COVID-19: What Are the Options for the UK? Independent SAGE Report [online] London: The Independent Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies (SAGE). Available at: <https://www.gov.uk/government/groups/scientific-advisory-group-for-emergencies-sage> [Accessed 20 May 2020].

            158. The New and Emerging Respiratory Virus Threats Advisory Group (NERVTAG). (2019). 2nd Annual Report: January To December 2016. London: NERVTAG.

            159. Tuschke, A. and Luber, M. (2012). Corporate Governance in Germany: Converging Towards Shareholder Value-Orientation or Not So Much? The Convergence of Corporate Governance, pp. 75–92.

            160. Tyler, C. and Gluckman, P. (2020). Coronavirus: governments knew a pandemic was a threat – here's why they weren't better prepared. The Conversation, April 28. Available at : <https://theconversation.com/coronavirus-governments-knew-a-pandemic-was-a-threat-heres-why-they-werent-better-prepared-136857> [Accessed June 2020].

            161. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2019). Crimson Contagion 2019 Functional Exercise: Draft After-Action Report. Washington: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

            162. UK Cabinet Office. (2008). 2008 National Risk Assessment. London: The Cabinet Office.

            163. UK Cabinet Office. (2019). 2019 National Risk Assessment. London: The Cabinet Office.

            164. UK Farming News. (2019). Dairy Farmers' Profits Fall By 50 Percent in Space of Year [online] Farminguk.com. Available at: <https://www.farminguk.com/news/dairy-farmers-profits-fall-by-50-percent-in-space-of-year_54043.html> [Accessed 8 June 2020].

            165. van Leeuwen, J. (2010). The Domino Effect. American Journal of Physics, 78(7), 721–727.

            166. Wilensky, G. (2012). The Shortfalls of “Obamacare”. New England Journal of Medicine, 367(16), 1479–1481.

            167. Winterburn, T. (2020). At 104 years old an Italian ‘Super Gran’ survives the Spanish Flu and the Coronavirus. Euro Weekly [online] Available at: <https://www.euroweeklynews.com/2020/04/06/at-104-years-old-an-italian-super-gran-survives-the-spanish-flu-and-the-coronavirus/> [Accessed 3 May 2020].

            168. World Health Organization. (2014). Germany: Health System Review. Health Systems in Transition [online] Copenhagen: World Health Organization. Available at: <https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/130246> [Accessed 18 May 2020].

            169. World Health Organization. (2015). Republic of Korea: Health System Review. Health Systems in Transition [online] Seoul: World Health Organization. Available at: <https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/208215> [Accessed 18 May 2020].

            170. World Health Organization. (2015). United Kingdom Health System Review. Health Systems in Transition [online] Copenhagen: World Health Organization. Available at: <https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/208215> [Accessed 18 May 2020].

            171. Worldometers.info. (2020). Population by Country (2020) – Worldometer [online] Available at: <https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/population-by-country/> [Accessed 8 May 2020].

            Comments

            Comment on this article