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THE IMPACT OF TELE-NETWORKING ON RESEARCH
Abstract
It is commonplace that communication technologies are altering the face of research…Networks have become an accepted part of the practice of science. Researchers continue to clamour for network capability, and devour network capacity and services as fast as engineers can deploy them. But there is much more growth and experience to come. We are at an early stage of the learning curve.
Policies that influence the rate of adoption and degree of access to telecommunication channels have profound implications for science. At one extreme, as different scientific disciplines adopt different channels at different rates, the likelihood of cross-disciplinary research decreases and differences in the rate of progress in those disciplines become more obvious … At the other extreme, adoption of the same telecommunication channels at the same rate promotes the sharing of knowledge, extended research groups, more information transfer, and the rapid diffusion of scientific information - but undermines disciplinary boundaries and reward structures.
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NOTES AND REFERENCES
L. Heinz, Consequences of New Electronic Communications Technologies for Knowledge Transfer in Science: Policy Implications, OTA Contractor Report, 1992, p. 8.
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Heinz, op. cit.; see also L. Landweber, ‘International connectivity’, Internet Society News, 1, 1, pp. 3–4, 1992.
D. Ingvarson, D. Marinova and P. Newman, Electronic Networking: Social and Policy Aspects of a Rapidly Growing Technology, ISTP Occasional Paper No. 2, 1993, p. 3.
Office of Technology Assessment, US Congress, High Performance Computing and Networking for Science, 1989, p. 21.
S. L. Star and A Kanifer, Virtual Gemeinschaft or electronic Gesellschaft?: Analysing an electronic community system for scientists, Annual Meeting of the Society for Social Studies of Science (4S), 1993, mimeo.
Office of Technology Assessment, US Congress, The Changing Culture of Research: Communication Technologies and Knowledge Transfer, 1992., p. iv. [emphasis added]
Ibid.
Star and Kanifer, op. cit., p. 4.
B.W. Hesse et al., Returns to Science: Computer Networks and Scientific Research in Oceanography, cited in Heinz, op. cit.
L. Heinz, op. cit., p. 24.
L. Sproul and S. Kiesler, Connections: New Ways of Working in the Networked Organisation, MIT Press, 1991, pp. 160–161.
National Research Council, National Collaboratories: Applying Information Technology for Scientific Research, National Academy Press, Washington, 1993, p. 1.
Ibid, p. 53.
Ibid, p. 50.
A. P. Ablong, ‘A vision of the thinker's tool-kit’, 21C, Winter 1993, p. 102.
Heinz, op. cit., p. 9.
Vinck D., Kahane B., Laredo P. and Meyer J. B.. 1993. . ‘A network approach to studying research programmes: Mobilizing and coordinating public responses to HIV/AIDS’. . Technology Analysis and Strategic Management . , Vol. 5((1)): 39––54. .
C. McClure, A. Bishop, and P. Doty, Electronic Networks, the Research Process and Scholarly Communication: An Empirical Study with Policy Recommendations for the National Research and Education Network, OTA Contractor Report, 1990.
Lievrouw and Carley, op. cit.
Star and Kanifer, op. cit.
Carley K. and Wendt K.. 1991. . ‘Electronic mail and scientific communication: A study of the “Soar” extended research group’. . Knowledge . , Vol. 12((4)): 406––440. .
B.W. Hesse, et al., op. cit.
Office of Technology Assessment, op. cit., 1992, p. ii.
B. V. Lewenstein, The Changing Culture of Research, in OTA, op. cit, 1992.
OTA, op. cit, 1992, p. iv.
Ingvarson et al., op. cit., p. 7-8.
Science, 257, 21 August 1992, p. 1048. However, a ‘Dial-A-Microscope’ service advertised access to the 400,000 volt electron microscope at the University of California, San Diego, in 1992. The Microscopist’s Workstation enables a researcher with a computer workstation and access to Internet to control the microscope in real time. (A technician prepares the samples to order and places them under the lens).
The 1992 Directory of Electronic Journals, Newsletters and Academic Discussion Lists listed 36 electronic journals, 697 scholarly lists, and 80 newsletters; quoted in Mulvaney and Steele, op. cit., p. 23; this directory is available on the Internet via anonymous FTP from ksuvxa.kent.edu.
Hesse et al., op. cit, p. 25.
Star, op. cit.
Astec, Draft findings, April 1994, The Global connection: Future need for research data network in Australia.