Many technological systems are vulnerable to threats such as military attack, sabotage, sudden economic change or social disaffection. There are various ways to reduce such vulnerabilities, such as direct planning, diversification and self-reliance, but current policy-making takes little cognisance of the issue.
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Colin Kearton and Brian Martin, ‘The vulnerability of steel production to military threats’, Materials and Society., forthcoming.
Donald F. Barnett and Robert W Crandell, Up from the Ashes: The Rise of the Steel Minimill in the United States., Brookings Institution, Washington DC, 1986; and R.D. Walker (ed.), Small Scale Steelmaking., Applied Science Publishers, London, 1983.
Walter H. Goldberg (ed.), Ailing Steel The Transoceanic Quarrel., St. Martin's Press, New York, 1986, p. 464.
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David Collingridge, Technology in the Policy Process: Controlling Nuclear Power., Frances Pinter, London, 1983.
Bennett Ramberg, Destruction of Nuclear Energy Facilities in War: The Problem and its Implications., Lexington Books, Lexington, Massachusetts, 1980.
Irving L. Janis, Groupthink: Psychological Studies of Policy Decisions and Fiascos., Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 1983.