The Dilemmas of External Earnings in Public Sector Scientific Research

Gunasekara, Chrys

doi:10.1080/0810902021000023354

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Prometheus

Volume 20, Issue 4

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The Dilemmas of External Earnings in Public Sector Scientific Research

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Author(s): Chrys Gunasekara

Publication date (Print): December 2002

Journal: Prometheus

Publisher: Pluto Journals

Keywords: External Earnings, Science And Technology Policy, Csiro, Public Research

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Abstract

Governments in a number of developed countries have repositioned their public research agencies to support economic objectives and to alleviate fiscal pressures. This has been accomplished through various strategies, including private-public partnerships and purchaser-provider arrangements. In the 1980s, the Australian Government introduced external earnings targets of up to 30% per annum for its public research agencies, as a means of strengthening their responsiveness to national economic needs. A case study of the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization is presented in this article to discuss the impacts of the external earnings policy. Impacts on the type of research being undertaken by public research agencies, the quality of public research-industry relationships, the nature of scientists' work and the role of stakeholders are considered. A number of dilemmas are raised relating to the role of public scientific research.

Content

Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (publisher-id): cpro20

Journal ID (archive): CPRO

Title: Prometheus

Subtitle: Critical Studies in Innovation

Publisher: Pluto Journals

ISSN (Print): 0810-9028

ISSN (Electronic): 1470-1030

Publication date (Print): December 2002

Volume: 20

Issue: 4

Pages: 367-377

Article

Publisher ID: 10032472 Coden ID: Prometheus, Vol. 20, No. 4, December 2002, pp. 367-377

DOI: 10.1080/0810902021000023354

SO-VID: 56d6f122-73b5-493e-8183-01b170a2866f

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All content is freely available without charge to users or their institutions. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission of the publisher or the author. Articles published in the journal are distributed under a http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

History

Page count

Figures: 0, Tables: 0, References: 28, Pages: 11

References

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Commonwealth Parliament. . 1999. . The Effect of Certain Public Policy Changes on Australia's R&D . , (Report by the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Industry). Canberra : : Science and Resources, AGPS. .
Fritsch M. and Lukas R.. 1999. . 'Who cooperates on R&D?'. . Research Policy . , Vol. 30:: 97––312. .
Chief Scientist. . 2001. . Review of Marine Research in Tropical Australia . , Canberra : : AGPS. .
Chief Scientist. . 1997. . Priority Matters . , Canberra : : AGPS. .
Webster A.. 1999. . 'Technologies in transition, policies in transition: foresight in the risk society'. . Technovation . , Vol. 19:: 413––21. .
Hsu J. P. and Yeo K. T.. 1996. . 'A systemic approach to re-engineer a Public Research Institute (PRI) for commercialization'. . International Journal of Project Management . , Vol. 14((6)): 387––93. .
Baiter M.. 1996. . 'New research strategy drawn criticism'. . Science . , 11 October;
Mustar P. and Laredo P.. 2002. . 'Innovation and research policy in France (1980-2000) or the disappearance of the Colbertist state'. . Research Policy . , Vol. 31:: 55––72. .
Grtner M. and Bollinger T.. 1997. . 'Science policy reforms: the New Zealand experience'. . Social Studies of Science . , Vol. 27:: 775––803. .
Australian Science and Technology Council (ASTEC). . 1994. . On Target? Review of the Operation of External Earnings Targets for CSIRO . , Canberra : : ANSTO and AIMS, AGPS. .
Birch A. J.. 1977. . Independent Inquiry into the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization . , Canberra : : AGPS. .
Australian Science and Technology Council (ASTEC). . 1985. . Future Directions for CSIRO . , Canberra : : AGPS. .
Pearce S.. 1990. . “'The Federal Republic of Germany: cooperative federal/state roles in science and technology'. ”. In National Purposes, Federal Government Science and Technology in Australia, Canada and the Federal Republic of Germany . , Canberra : : ASTEC. .
Balasz K.. 1993. . 'Lessons from an economy with limited market functions: R&D in Hungary in the 1980s'. . Research Policy . , Vol. 22:: 537––52. .
CSIRO. . 2001. . 2000/2001 Annual Report . , Canberra : : CSIRO. .
CSIRO. . 1978. . 1977/1978 Annual Report . , Canberra : : CSIRO. .
CSIRO. . 1982. . 1981/1982 Annual Report . , p. 133 Canberra : : CSIRO. .
CSIRO. . 1991. . CSZRO Priority Determination 1990: Methodology and Results Overview . , Canberra : : CSIRO. .
CSIRO. . 1991. . CSZRO Priority Determination 1990: Role Statements . , Canberra : : CSIRO. .
The Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering. . 2001. . Submission to Government: Review of External Earnings Targets Policy . , ATSE. .
Australian Academy of Science. . 2001. . Submission to Review of the External Earnings Targets Policy applying to the Science Authorities (CSIRO, ANSTO and AIMS) . , AAS. .
Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry. . 2001. . ACCI Submission to the Chief Scientist: Review of External Earnings . , ACCI. .
Federation of Australian Scientific and Technological Societies. . 2001. . Review of External Earnings Targets Policy: A Submission from FASTS . , FASTS. .
CSIRO Staff Association. . 2001. . Submission by the CSIRO Staff Association to Review of The External Earnings Targets Policy . , CSIRO Staff Association. .
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Chief Scientist. . 2000. . The Chance to Change . , Canberra : : AGPS. .
CSIRO. . 2002. . Co-Research . , Vol. 389: Summer;

Comments

Comment on this article

[1] Gonard T.. 1999. . 'Public research/industry relationships: efficiency conditions in current innovation'. . International Journal of Technology Management . , Vol. 17((3)): 334––50. .

[2] Commonwealth Parliament. . 1999. . The Effect of Certain Public Policy Changes on Australia's R&D . , (Report by the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Industry). Canberra : : Science and Resources, AGPS. .

[3] Fritsch M. and Lukas R.. 1999. . 'Who cooperates on R&D?'. . Research Policy . , Vol. 30:: 97––312. .

[4] Chief Scientist. . 2001. . Review of Marine Research in Tropical Australia . , Canberra : : AGPS. .

[5] Chief Scientist. . 1997. . Priority Matters . , Canberra : : AGPS. .

[6] Webster A.. 1999. . 'Technologies in transition, policies in transition: foresight in the risk society'. . Technovation . , Vol. 19:: 413––21. .

[7] Hsu J. P. and Yeo K. T.. 1996. . 'A systemic approach to re-engineer a Public Research Institute (PRI) for commercialization'. . International Journal of Project Management . , Vol. 14((6)): 387––93. .

[8] Baiter M.. 1996. . 'New research strategy drawn criticism'. . Science . , 11 October;

[9] Mustar P. and Laredo P.. 2002. . 'Innovation and research policy in France (1980-2000) or the disappearance of the Colbertist state'. . Research Policy . , Vol. 31:: 55––72. .

[10] Grtner M. and Bollinger T.. 1997. . 'Science policy reforms: the New Zealand experience'. . Social Studies of Science . , Vol. 27:: 775––803. .

[11] Australian Science and Technology Council (ASTEC). . 1994. . On Target? Review of the Operation of External Earnings Targets for CSIRO . , Canberra : : ANSTO and AIMS, AGPS. .

[12] Birch A. J.. 1977. . Independent Inquiry into the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization . , Canberra : : AGPS. .

[13] Australian Science and Technology Council (ASTEC). . 1985. . Future Directions for CSIRO . , Canberra : : AGPS. .

[14] Pearce S.. 1990. . “'The Federal Republic of Germany: cooperative federal/state roles in science and technology'. ”. In National Purposes, Federal Government Science and Technology in Australia, Canada and the Federal Republic of Germany . , Canberra : : ASTEC. .

[15] Balasz K.. 1993. . 'Lessons from an economy with limited market functions: R&D in Hungary in the 1980s'. . Research Policy . , Vol. 22:: 537––52. .

[16] CSIRO. . 2001. . 2000/2001 Annual Report . , Canberra : : CSIRO. .

[17] CSIRO. . 1978. . 1977/1978 Annual Report . , Canberra : : CSIRO. .

[18] CSIRO. . 1982. . 1981/1982 Annual Report . , p. 133 Canberra : : CSIRO. .

[19] CSIRO. . 1991. . CSZRO Priority Determination 1990: Methodology and Results Overview . , Canberra : : CSIRO. .

[20] CSIRO. . 1991. . CSZRO Priority Determination 1990: Role Statements . , Canberra : : CSIRO. .

[21] The Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering. . 2001. . Submission to Government: Review of External Earnings Targets Policy . , ATSE. .

[22] Australian Academy of Science. . 2001. . Submission to Review of the External Earnings Targets Policy applying to the Science Authorities (CSIRO, ANSTO and AIMS) . , AAS. .

[23] Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry. . 2001. . ACCI Submission to the Chief Scientist: Review of External Earnings . , ACCI. .

[24] Federation of Australian Scientific and Technological Societies. . 2001. . Review of External Earnings Targets Policy: A Submission from FASTS . , FASTS. .

[25] CSIRO Staff Association. . 2001. . Submission by the CSIRO Staff Association to Review of The External Earnings Targets Policy . , CSIRO Staff Association. .

[26] Coleman P.. 1998. . “'Bimolecular research: development of an ani-flu drug'. ”. In Beyond Science . , Melbourne : : CSIRO. .

[27] Chief Scientist. . 2000. . The Chance to Change . , Canberra : : AGPS. .

[28] CSIRO. . 2002. . Co-Research . , Vol. 389: Summer;

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